Specialized equipment in Professor Israelachvili's lab (2,500 sq. ft) includes four complete Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) systems and one X-RAY SFA. Included are the most advanced attachments for dynamic and friction measurements in liquids, and a number of video and digital CCD camera recording systems including a Kodak Ektapro-Hamamatsu image intensifier unit for high speed recordings at up to 40,000 frames per second. Each SFA system is in a temperature controlled room (± 0.1°C). Langmuir-Blodgett troughs (Joyce-Loebel, NIMA and a home-made sealed miniature trough) and a spin-coating unit are available for depositing organic monolayers, polymer films or protein layers on surfaces. There is also a vacuum coating/evaporation unit for depositing metal and inorganic layers. Ancillary equipment includes various microscopes, a fluorescence microscope, contact angle measuring cells, neutron and x-ray scattering cells, laminar flow hoods, centrifuges, sonicators, balances, and general facilities for wet chemistry and biochemical assays. The lab has a permanent technician who is also a machinist. Professor Israelachvili's association (as Associate Director) with the MRL at UCSB gives the research group access to a full range of materials and surface processing, characterization and testing equipment including high vacuum equipment, clean room facilities, electron microscopes, a plasma spectrometer (ICP), SEMs, SIMs, AFMs, and light and x-ray scatterers and analyzers. We also have access to facilities at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Stanford and NIST, which we make regular use of.